Source:  http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/ID26Ae02.html 
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                              2Why Vietnam loves and hates 
                              ChinaBy Andrew Forbes 
                              
For more than 2,000 years, Vietnam's 
                              development as a nation has been marked by one 
                              fixed and immutable factor - the proximity of 
                              China. The relationship between the two countries 
                              is in many ways a family affair, with all the 
                              closeness of shared values and bitterness of close 
                              rivalries. 
No country in Southeast Asia is 
                              culturally closer to China than Vietnam, and no 
                              other country in the region has spent so long fending 
                              off Chinese domination, often at a terrible cost 
                              in lives, economic development and political 
                              compromise. 
China has been Vietnam's 
                              blessing and Vietnam's curse. It remains an 
                              intrusive cultural godfather, the giant to the 
                              north that is "always there". Almost a thousand 
                              years of Chinese occupation, between the Han 
                              conquest of Nam Viet in the 2nd century BC and the 
                              reassertion of Vietnamese independence as Dai Viet 
                              in AD 967, marked the Vietnamese so deeply that 
                              they became, in effect, an outpost of Chinese 
                              civilization in Southeast Asia. 
While the 
                              other countries of Indochina are Theravada 
                              Buddhist, sharing cultural links with South Asia, 
                              Vietnam derived its predominant religion - a mix 
                              of Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism 
                              popularly known as 
tam giao or "Three 
                              Religions"- from China. Until the introduction of 
                              romanized 
quoc ngu script in the 17th 
                              century, Vietnamese scholars wrote in Chinese 
                              characters or in 
chu nho, a Vietnamese 
                              derivative of Chinese characters. 
Over the 
                              centuries, Vietnam developed as a smaller version 
                              of the Middle Kingdom, a centralized, hierarchical 
                              state ruled by an all-powerful emperor living in a 
                              Forbidden City based on its namesake in Beijing 
                              and administered by a highly educated Confucian 
                              bureaucracy. 
Both countries are deeply 
                              conscious of the cultural ties that bind them 
                              together, and each is still deeply suspicious of 
                              the other. During the long centuries of Chinese 
                              occupation, the Vietnamese enthusiastically 
                              embraced many aspects of Chinese civilization, 
                              while at the same time fighting with an 
                              extraordinary vigor to maintain their cultural 
                              identity and regain their national independence. 
                              
During the Tang Dynasty (6th-9th centuries 
                              AD), Vietnamese guerrillas fighting the Chinese 
                              sang a martial song that emphasized their separate 
                              identity in the clearest of terms: 
                              
Fight to keep our hair long, 
Fight 
                              to keep our teeth black, 
Fight to show that 
                              the heroic southern country can never be 
                              defeated. For their part, the Chinese 
                              recognized the Vietnamese as a kindred people, to 
                              be offered the benefits of higher Chinese 
                              civilization and, ultimately, the rare privilege 
                              of being absorbed into the Chinese polity. 
                              
On the other hand, as near family, they 
                              were to be punished especially severely if they 
                              rejected Chinese standards or rebelled against 
                              Chinese control. This was made very clear in a 
                              remarkable message sent by the Song Emperor 
                              Taizong to King Le Hoan in AD 979, just over a 
                              decade after Vietnam first reasserted its 
                              independence. 
Like a stern headmaster, 
                              Taizong appealed to Le Hoan to see reason and 
                              return to the Chinese fold: "Although your seas 
                              have pearls, we will throw them into the rivers, 
                              and though your mountains produce gold, we will 
                              throw it into the dust. We do not covet your 
                              valuables. You fly and leap like savages, we have 
                              horse-drawn carriages. You drink through your 
                              noses, we have rice and wine. Let us change your 
                              customs. You cut your hair, we wear hats; when you 
                              talk, you sound like birds. We have examinations 
                              and books. Let us teach you the knowledge of the 
                              proper laws ... Do you not want to escape from the 
                              savagery of the outer islands and gaze upon the 
                              house of civilization? Do you want to discard your 
                              garments of leaves and grass and wear flowered 
                              robes embroidered with mountains and dragons? Have 
                              you understood?" 
In fact Le Hoan 
                              understood Taizong very well and, like his modern 
                              successors, knew exactly what he wanted from China 
                              - access to its culture and civilization without 
                              coming under its political control or jeopardizing 
                              Vietnamese freedom in any way. This attitude 
                              infuriated Taizong, as it would generations of 
                              Chinese to come. 
In 1407, the Ming Empire 
                              managed to reassert Chinese control over its 
                              stubbornly independent southern neighbor, and 
                              Emperor Yongle - no doubt, to his mind, in the 
                              best interests of the Vietnamese - imposed a 
                              policy of enforced Sinicization. Predictably 
                              enough, Vietnam rejected this "kindness" and 
                              fought back, expelling the Chinese yet again in 
                              1428. 
Yongle was apoplectic when he 
                              learned of their rebellion. Vietnam was not just 
                              another tributary state, he insisted, but a former 
                              province that had once enjoyed the benefits of 
                              Chinese civilization
and 
                              yet had wantonly rejected this privilege. In view 
                              of this close association - Yongle used the term 
                              
mi mi or "intimately related" - Vietnam's 
                              rebellion was particularly heinous and deserved 
                              the fiercest of punishments. 
China on 
                              topSometimes a strongly sexual imagery 
                              creeps into this "intimate relationship", with 
                              Vietnam, the weaker partner, a victim of 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 Chinese violation. In AD 248, 
                              the Vietnamese heroine Lady Triu, who led a 
                              popular uprising against the Chinese occupation, 
                              proclaimed: "I want to ride the great winds, 
                              strike the sharks on the high seas, drive out the 
                              invaders, reconquer the nation, burst the bonds of 
                              slavery and never bow to become anyone's 
                              concubine." 
Her defiant choice of words 
                              was more than just symbolic. Vietnam has long been 
                              a source of women for the Chinese sex trade. In 
                              Tang times, the Chinese poet Yuan Chen wrote 
                              appreciatively of "slave girls of Viet, sleek, of 
                              buttery flesh", while today the booming market for 
                              Vietnamese women in Taiwan infuriates and 
                              humiliates many Vietnamese men. 
It's 
                              instructive, then, that in his 1987 novel 
Fired 
                              Gold Vietnamese author Nguyen Huy Thiep 
                              writes, "The most significant characteristics of 
                              this country are its smallness and weakness. She 
                              is like a virgin girl raped by Chinese 
                              civilization. The girl concurrently enjoys, 
                              despises and is humiliated by the rape." 
                              
This Chinese belief that Vietnam is not 
                              just another nation, but rather a member of the 
                              family - almost Chinese, aware of the blessings of 
                              Chinese civilization, but somehow stubbornly 
                              refusing, century after century, to become Chinese 
                              - has persisted down to the present day. 
                              
During the Second Indochina War, Chinese 
                              propaganda stressed that Vietnam and China were 
                              "as close as the lips and the teeth". After the US 
                              defeat, however, Vietnam once again showed its 
                              independence, allying itself with the Soviet 
                              Union, in 1978-79, invading neighboring Cambodia 
                              and overthrowing China's main ally in Southeast 
                              Asia, the Khmer Rouge. 
Once again Chinese 
                              fury knew no bounds, and Beijing determined to 
                              teach the "ungrateful" Vietnamese a lesson. Deng 
                              Xiaoping, the Chinese leader, openly denounced the 
                              Vietnamese as "the hooligans of the East". 
                              According to one Thai diplomat: "The moment the 
                              topic of Vietnam came up, you could see something 
                              change in Deng Xiaoping. 
"His hatred was 
                              just visceral. He spat forcefully into his 
                              spittoon and called the Vietnamese 'dogs'." Acting 
                              on Deng's orders, the Chinese army invaded Vietnam 
                              in 1979, capturing five northern provincial 
                              capitals before systematically demolishing them 
                              and withdrawing to China after administering a 
                              symbolic "lesson". 
But who taught a lesson 
                              to whom? Beijing sought to force Hanoi to withdraw 
                              its frontline forces from Cambodia, but the 
                              Vietnamese didn't engage these forces in the 
                              struggle, choosing instead to confront the Chinese 
                              with irregulars and provincial militia. Casualties 
                              were about equal, and China lost considerable 
                              face, as well as international respect, as a 
                              result of its invasion. 
Over the 
                              millennia, actions like this have taught the 
                              Vietnamese a recurring lesson about China. It's 
                              there, it's big, and it won't go away, so appease 
                              it without yielding whenever possible, and fight 
                              it with every resource available whenever 
                              necessary. 
Just as Chinese rulers have 
                              seen the Vietnamese as ingrates and hooligans, so 
                              the Vietnamese have seen the Chinese as arrogant 
                              and aggressive, a power to be emulated at all 
                              times, mollified in times of peace, and fiercely 
                              resisted in times of war. 
In 1946, 1,700 
                              years after Lady Triu's declaration, another great 
                              Vietnamese patriot, Ho Chi Minh, warned his Viet 
                              Minh colleagues in forceful terms against using 
                              Chinese Nationalist troops in the north as a 
                              buffer against the return of the French: "You 
                              fools! Don't you realize what it means if the 
                              Chinese remain? Don't you remember your history? 
                              
"The last time the Chinese came, they 
                              stayed a thousand years. The French are 
                              foreigners. They are weak. Colonialism is dying. 
                              The white man is finished in Asia. But if the 
                              Chinese stay now, they will never go. As for me, 
I 
                              prefer to sniff French shit for five years than to 
                              eat Chinese shit for the rest of my life." 
                              Yet Ho was an ardent admirer of Chinese 
                              civilization, fluent in Mandarin, a skilled 
                              calligrapher who wrote Chinese poetry, a close 
                              friend and colleague of Chinese leaders Mao Zedong 
                              and Zhou Enlai. Ho wasn't as much anti-Chinese as 
                              he was pro-Vietnamese. It was his deep 
                              understanding of and respect for China that 
                              enabled him to recognize, clearly and 
                              definitively, the menace that "a close family 
                              relationship" with the giant to the north posed, 
                              and continues to pose, for Vietnam's independence 
                              and freedom. 
It's ironic, then, that as 
                              the current Vietnamese leadership strive to 
                              develop their economy along increasingly 
                              capitalist lines while at the same time retaining 
                              their monopoly on state power, the country they 
                              most admire and seek to emulate is, as always, the 
                              one they most fear. 
Andrew 
                              Forbes is editor of CPA Media as well as a 
                              correspondent in its Thailand bureau. He has 
                              recently completed National Geographic 
                              Traveler: Shanghai 
, and the above is an 
                              excerpt from his forthcoming book A Phoenix 
                              Reborn: Travels in New Vietnam. 
(Copyright 
                              2007 Andrew Forbes.)